2016 - 2018年泰安市登革热媒介伊蚊监测结果分析

目的 了解泰安市登革热媒介伊蚊种类构成、密度、季节变化，为登革热风险评估提供科学依据。方法 利用布雷图指数(BI)、容器指数(CI)和房屋指数(HI)等指标评价伊蚊幼虫密度， 2016 - 2018年6 - 9月每月各监测1次，对监测结果进行统计学分析。结果 2016 - 2018年平均BI为27.64，CI为16.88%，HI为20.28%。2016 - 2018年3年间白纹伊蚊布雷图指数（BI）呈逐年下降趋势，容器指数（CI）、房屋指数（HI）在3年间呈波动趋势，2018年CI明显高于2016年和2017年，而HI也有上升趋势。2016年BI、CI在8月份最高（BI = 62.79，CI = 32.73%），HI在7月份最高（33.00%）。2017年BI、CI、HI密度高峰均集中在9月份（分别为48.00、24.24%和29.00%）。2018年BI、HI密度高峰在6月份（41.00和34.00%），CI在9月份最高（48.89%）。2016 - 2018年间容器指数差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 29.693，P = 0.000）。不同容器种类的CI差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 29.366，P = 0.000)，其中，废旧轮胎的CI最高（23.81%），其次是闲置容器（20.72%）。闲置容器（碗、瓶、缸、罐）的孳生地构成比最高为66.67%。结论 泰安市白纹伊蚊幼虫密度较高，有明显季节性。做好媒介生物防治知识宣传，加强密度监测，在活动高峰期持续清除孳生地和杀灭成蚊，可有效降低蚊虫密度水平。     

Diterpenes and their derivatives as promising agents against dengue virus and dengue vectors: A literature‐based review

Dengue, a mosquito‐borne viral disease, causes about 100 million cases of infection annually. It is a major public concern, and if left untreated or improperly diagnosed, may cause serious health problems or even death. Historically, dengue has not considered priorities for pharmaceutical companies made the available treatment options. Therefore, medicinal scientists are revealing new insights and enabling novel interventions and approaches to dengue prevention and control. Diterpenes, a class of terpenes have gained much attention due to their diverse biological effects. This review aimed at summarizing available evidences of diterpenes and their derivatives acting against dengue virus and their vectors. For this, an updated search was made in the databases: PubMed and ScienceDirect by using specific keywords. Among the 117 published reports, a total of 30 articles was included in this review. Findings suggest that a number of diterpenes and/or their derivatives act against dengue virus and their two potential vectors namely Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In conclusion, diterpenes and their derivatives may have the potential alternative therapeutic tools for the management of dengue virus and some associated diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquito.     

南宁市江南区2019年登革热流行病学特征和疫情应急处置分析

目的 分析总结南宁市江南区2019年登革热流行病学特征和疫情应急处置的工作情况,为今后有效地防制登革热提供对策、参考和技术支持。方法 收集南宁市江南区2019年登革热疫情相关数据,评价本次应急处置的工作成效。结果 2019年南宁市江南区登革热疫情严峻,共报告登革热病例370例,其中输入病例4例,本地病例366例;感染人数以家务待业和离退休者居多;男女性别比为1∶1.12;发病年龄最小1岁,最大92岁;发病的空间分布呈现高度聚集,福建园街道占本城区本地病例的87.70%。早期伊蚊应急监测布雷图指数和账诱指数合格率偏低,分别为72.17%和62.61%。针对本次疫情特性,制定有针对性的防控策略,做好精准疫情应急处置,有效压低峰值,迅速控制了疫情的扩散和蔓延。结论 本次疫情是由输入性病例导致本地病例社区水平暴发,疫情呈现多点暴发及扩散蔓延态势。需做好疫情研判、预警预测,准确分析流行病学特征,尽早实施登革热应急处置,精准防控、孳生地处理、健康宣教和病例管理是应急处置的关键措施。     

Prevalence and antifungal resistance profile of Candida spp. oral isolates from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective

The goal of the study was to measure the prevalence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of patients with diabetes types 1 and 2 when compared to healthy individuals and to study antifungal resistance profile of the isolates.

Design

There were 162 subjects in the study: diabetes type 1 (n = 39); control group 1 (n = 50): healthy individuals matched in gender, age, and oral conditions to diabetes type 1 patients; diabetes type 2 (n = 37); control group 2 (n = 36) who were matched to each patient of the diabetes type 2 group. Stimulated saliva was collected and isolates were identified with phenotypic tests. The presence of C. dubliniensis was determined by multiplex PCR.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in Candida spp. frequency between the diabetes 1 group and its control (p = 0.443) nor between the diabetes 2 group and its control (p = 0.429). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated yeast in all groups. In the diabetes groups, C. stellatoidea, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. lipolytica, C. glabrata, and C. krusei were also identified. Additionally, in control groups, C. kefyr was also detected. None of the isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and flucytosine. A low percentage of the isolates were resistant to ketoconazole.

Conclusions

No differences were detected in colonization of Candida spp. oral isolates from type 1 and type 2 diabetes when compared to matched controls. The antifungal resistance of Candida spp. isolates for ketoconazole from type 1 diabetes patients was significantly higher than that of its matched control.     

Leishmaniasis in cat shelters: A serological,molecular and entomological study

An epidemiological Leishmania spp. and entomological Phlebotomine sandflies survey was performed in cat shelters at leishmaniasis endemic area of Brazil. Blood and conjunctival swab (CS) samples were collected from 94 cats in two animal protection shelters. These samples were subjected to serological tests using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to molecular test by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, a Phlebotomine sandflies survey was performed in the same shelters. The analyses revealed a positivity of 31.91% (30/94) through ELISA and 29.79% (28/94) through IFAT. The two serological tests showed a positive association with perfect agreement (k = 0.925). None of the cats were positive by Leishmania spp. DNA. One Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis male was found in one of the cat shelters. The results and the implications of our findings are discussed below.     

Zika virus: what we need to know?

Zika virus is one of the emerging viruses and is of significant threat to human health globally. It is a mosquito borne flavivirus similar to dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. It was reported about 5 decades ago and then it spreads to different parts of the world. Large outbreaks were reported on Yap Islands in 2007. Now it has gained wide attention globally by health communities. Major vector for virus transmission is Aedes aegypti mosquito. ZIKV infection is mostly asymptomatic but it is also responsible to cause mild influenza like illness to serious manifestations. There is no specific anti‐viral treatment is available for ZIKV infection. The virus disseminates very fast due to which it possesses a serious threat especially in those areas where there is lack of specific immunity against virus. Little knowledge is available on its transmission and pathogenicity. Although virus was discovered years ago but its genomic structure is not clearly understood yet. In this review we focus on the current knowledge of epidemiology of ZIKV, its transmission, its structural biology, different aspects of diagnosis and diagnostic challenges as well as highlighted appropriates antiviral drugs and vaccines regarding treatment.     

Archaebiotics

Trimethylamine (TMA) is produced by gut bacteria from dietary ingredients. In individuals with a hereditary defect in flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, bacterial TMA production is believed to contribute to the symptoms of trimethylaminuria (TMAU; fish-odor syndrome). Intestinal microbiota TMA metabolism may also modulate atherosclerosis risk by affecting trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) production levels. We propose that reducing TMA formation in the gut by converting it to an inert molecule could be used to prevent or limit these human diseases, while avoiding the major drawbacks of other clinical interventions. Reducing TMA levels by microbiological interventions could also be helpful in some vaginoses. Particular members of a recently discovered group of methanogens, that are variably present in the human gut, are unusual in being apparently restricted to utilizing only methyl compounds including TMA as substrates. We confirmed experimentally that one of these strains tested, Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis B10, is able to deplete TMA, by reducing it with H₂ for methanogenesis. We therefore suggest that members of this archaeal lineage could be used as treatments for metabolic disorders.     

Identification of Candida species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional,commercial, and molecular techniques

In healthy individuals, Candida species are considered commensal yeasts of the oral cavity. However, these microorganisms can also act as opportunist pathogens, particularly the so‐called non‐albicans Candida species that are increasingly recognized as important agents of human infection. Several surveys have documented increased rates of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei in local and systemic fungal infections. Some of these species are resistant to antifungal agents. Consequently, rapid and correct identification of species can play an important role in the management of candidiasis. Conventional methods for identification of Candida species are based on morphological and physiological attributes. However, accurate identification of all isolates from clinical samples is often complex and time‐consuming. Hence, several manual and automated rapid commercial systems for identifying these organisms have been developed, some of which may have significant sensitivity issues. To overcome these limitations, newer molecular typing techniques have been developed that allow accurate and rapid identification of Candida species. This study reviewed the current state of identification methods for yeasts, particularly Candida species.     

布鲁菌PCR快速检测方法的建立及应用

目的建立布鲁菌聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法,对其进行应用评价。方法针对布鲁菌外膜蛋白编码基因(omp-2)设计PCR引物,建立PCR方法,利用19种常见细菌和布鲁菌株DNA分别对其进行特异性和敏感度评价,对3株疑似布鲁菌株进行核酸检测,并与分离培养法进行结果比对。结果本研究建立的布鲁菌PCR检测方法仅能检出布鲁菌阳性菌株,对照菌DNA未出现目的条带;敏感度为100拷贝/反应;PCR方法对3株疑似布鲁菌株检出omp-2基因条带,鉴定结果为布鲁菌,与分离培养法结果相同。结论本研究建立了一种布鲁菌PCR检测方法,与分离培养法相比,布鲁菌PCR方法准确、快速,适合布鲁菌病疫情的快速检测。